Equipment maintenance is an essential aspect of any industry that relies heavily on machinery. It involves the upkeep and repair of equipment to ensure that it continues to function efficiently and effectively. The aim of equipment maintenance is to maximize efficiency and minimize downtime. This is achieved by implementing a preventative maintenance strategy that includes regular inspections, cleaning, and repairs. The goal is to catch potential issues before they become major problems, which can result in costly downtime and production delays. By understanding the aim of equipment maintenance, businesses can optimize their operations and ensure that their machinery is always running at peak performance.
What is Equipment Maintenance?
Definition and Importance
Equipment maintenance refers to the planned and proactive actions taken to keep equipment in good working condition and prevent breakdowns. This involves a systematic approach to maintaining equipment, including regular inspections, repairs, and replacements.
The importance of equipment maintenance can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, it helps to prevent unplanned downtime, which can be costly for businesses. Secondly, it can help to extend the lifespan of equipment, reducing the need for frequent replacements and lowering costs. Finally, equipment maintenance can also improve the safety of workers by identifying and addressing potential hazards before they cause accidents.
Effective equipment maintenance requires a thorough understanding of the equipment being maintained, including its design, function, and critical components. It also requires a well-planned schedule and budget for maintenance activities, as well as a team of skilled technicians and engineers to carry out the work. By investing in equipment maintenance, businesses can ensure that their equipment is operating at peak performance, reducing the risk of costly downtime and improving overall efficiency.
Types of Equipment Maintenance
Equipment maintenance refers to the practices and processes involved in ensuring that equipment operates at its optimal level. This includes regular inspection, cleaning, repair, and replacement of equipment components to prevent breakdowns and prolong the lifespan of the equipment. The following are the three main types of equipment maintenance:
Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is a proactive approach to equipment maintenance. It involves regular inspection and maintenance of equipment to prevent potential problems from occurring. This type of maintenance is usually scheduled based on time or usage, and it aims to identify and fix any potential issues before they cause significant damage to the equipment.
Corrective Maintenance
Corrective maintenance is a reactive approach to equipment maintenance. It involves repairing or replacing equipment components after they have failed or broken down. This type of maintenance is necessary when equipment failures occur unexpectedly, and it aims to restore the equipment to its normal operating condition as quickly as possible.
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is a data-driven approach to equipment maintenance. It involves using data analytics and machine learning algorithms to predict when equipment is likely to fail. This type of maintenance relies on real-time monitoring of equipment performance and uses data to identify patterns and trends that can indicate potential equipment failures.
Overall, the goal of equipment maintenance is to maximize efficiency and minimize downtime. By implementing the right maintenance strategies, businesses can reduce the risk of equipment failures, prolong the lifespan of their equipment, and improve their overall productivity and profitability.
The Aim of Equipment Maintenance
Maximizing Efficiency
Maximizing efficiency is a critical aspect of equipment maintenance. Efficient equipment operations can significantly impact the overall productivity and profitability of a business. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to maximizing efficiency through equipment maintenance:
- Regular Inspections: Regular inspections can help identify potential issues before they become major problems. This proactive approach can prevent unexpected downtime and prolong the lifespan of equipment.
- Preventative Maintenance: Preventative maintenance involves scheduled maintenance tasks that are performed on a regular basis. This approach can help catch small issues before they become big problems, reducing the likelihood of downtime due to equipment failure.
- Predictive Maintenance: Predictive maintenance uses data analysis and machine learning algorithms to predict when equipment is likely to fail. This approach can help schedule maintenance at the most optimal times, reducing downtime and improving overall efficiency.
- Equipment Upgrades: Upgrading equipment can also improve efficiency. Newer equipment is often more efficient and reliable than older equipment, which can reduce downtime and increase productivity.
- Training and Education: Training and education can help employees understand how to use equipment more efficiently. This can include training on how to operate equipment, as well as training on how to perform basic maintenance tasks.
By focusing on maximizing efficiency through equipment maintenance, businesses can reduce downtime, increase productivity, and improve their bottom line.
Minimizing Downtime
Maintaining equipment is essential for any business that relies on machines to operate. The aim of equipment maintenance is to maximize efficiency and minimize downtime. In this section, we will discuss the importance of minimizing downtime in equipment maintenance.
Minimizing downtime is crucial for businesses that rely on machines to operate. Downtime can result in lost productivity, decreased revenue, and increased costs. Therefore, it is essential to have a maintenance plan in place that minimizes downtime and ensures that equipment is always in good working condition.
One way to minimize downtime is to perform routine maintenance on equipment. This includes tasks such as cleaning, lubricating, and inspecting equipment. By performing these tasks regularly, businesses can prevent equipment breakdowns and ensure that machines are always in good working condition.
Another way to minimize downtime is to have a spare parts inventory in place. This ensures that replacement parts are readily available when needed, reducing the time it takes to repair equipment. Having a spare parts inventory also ensures that equipment can be repaired quickly, minimizing downtime.
In addition to routine maintenance and spare parts inventory, having a maintenance schedule in place can also help minimize downtime. A maintenance schedule outlines when equipment should be inspected, cleaned, and repaired. This ensures that all equipment is maintained regularly, reducing the likelihood of equipment breakdowns and downtime.
In conclusion, minimizing downtime is an essential aspect of equipment maintenance. By performing routine maintenance, having a spare parts inventory, and having a maintenance schedule in place, businesses can ensure that equipment is always in good working condition, reducing downtime and increasing productivity.
Benefits of Effective Equipment Maintenance
Increased Equipment Lifespan
Proper equipment maintenance plays a crucial role in increasing the lifespan of machines and equipment. When machines are well-maintained, they operate more efficiently, leading to reduced wear and tear. Regular maintenance can help prevent equipment breakdowns, which can result in costly downtime and repairs. By following a consistent maintenance schedule, businesses can ensure that their equipment lasts longer and continues to operate at peak performance levels.
One of the key benefits of regular maintenance is that it allows businesses to identify potential issues before they become serious problems. Preventative maintenance can help catch small issues before they become major ones, which can save time and money in the long run. For example, routine cleaning and lubrication can help reduce friction and wear on moving parts, which can help extend the lifespan of the equipment.
Moreover, effective maintenance can also help businesses avoid unexpected downtime. By identifying potential issues and addressing them before they cause problems, businesses can avoid costly repairs and lost productivity. This is particularly important for businesses that rely heavily on their equipment, as even a short period of downtime can have a significant impact on operations.
Overall, regular equipment maintenance is essential for increasing the lifespan of machines and equipment. By following a consistent maintenance schedule and addressing potential issues before they become serious problems, businesses can avoid costly downtime and repairs, and ensure that their equipment continues to operate at peak performance levels.
Reduced Costs and Expenses
Proper equipment maintenance is critical to achieving maximum efficiency and minimizing downtime. One of the key benefits of effective equipment maintenance is the reduction of costs and expenses. In this section, we will discuss how equipment maintenance can help reduce costs and expenses for businesses.
Equipment Maintenance Costs
One of the most significant costs associated with equipment is the cost of maintenance. Without proper maintenance, equipment can break down, leading to costly repairs or even complete failure. Regular maintenance can help prevent these costly repairs and extend the life of the equipment. By performing regular maintenance, businesses can reduce the cost of repairs and maintenance, resulting in significant cost savings over time.
Energy Costs
Another area where equipment maintenance can help reduce costs is energy consumption. Poorly maintained equipment can be less efficient, leading to higher energy consumption and increased costs. Regular maintenance can help improve the efficiency of equipment, resulting in lower energy costs and a reduction in energy waste. This can have a significant impact on the bottom line for businesses that rely heavily on energy-intensive equipment.
Productivity Costs
Equipment downtime can also have a significant impact on productivity costs. When equipment is not working properly, it can slow down production, resulting in lost time and reduced productivity. Regular maintenance can help prevent downtime and keep equipment running smoothly, ensuring that production levels remain high and productivity costs are minimized.
Preventative Maintenance
Preventative maintenance is a critical component of effective equipment maintenance. By performing regular preventative maintenance, businesses can identify potential issues before they become major problems. This can help prevent costly repairs and downtime, resulting in significant cost savings over time.
In conclusion, effective equipment maintenance is essential for reducing costs and expenses for businesses. By performing regular maintenance, businesses can prevent costly repairs, reduce energy consumption, minimize downtime, and improve productivity. By investing in preventative maintenance, businesses can further reduce costs and ensure that their equipment is running at maximum efficiency.
Improved Safety and Compliance
Equipment maintenance plays a crucial role in ensuring that the machinery and tools used in a facility operate safely and efficiently. Regular maintenance can help identify and correct potential hazards, thereby reducing the risk of accidents and injuries to workers and the environment. This, in turn, helps to ensure compliance with safety regulations and standards, reducing the risk of fines and legal action.
In addition to improving safety, effective equipment maintenance can also help to minimize downtime. By identifying and addressing potential issues before they become serious problems, maintenance programs can prevent unscheduled downtime, which can be costly for businesses. Furthermore, by ensuring that equipment is operating at peak efficiency, maintenance programs can also extend the lifespan of machinery and tools, reducing the need for costly replacements.
Overall, effective equipment maintenance is essential for ensuring the safety and compliance of a facility, as well as maximizing efficiency and minimizing downtime.
Enhanced Productivity and Profitability
- Maximizing Equipment Utilization: Regular maintenance ensures that equipment is functioning at optimal levels, resulting in increased productivity and reduced downtime. By addressing potential issues before they become major problems, businesses can maintain a consistent workflow and meet production targets.
- Extending Equipment Lifespan: Proper maintenance extends the lifespan of equipment, reducing the need for frequent replacements or upgrades. This not only saves on capital expenditures but also reduces the risk of unexpected downtime due to equipment failure.
- Minimizing Unscheduled Downtime: Unscheduled downtime can be costly for businesses, resulting in lost revenue and increased expenses. Effective maintenance programs can help identify potential issues before they cause significant disruptions, ensuring that equipment is available when needed.
- Improving Safety: Regular maintenance helps ensure that equipment is operating safely, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries. This not only improves workplace safety but also enhances the reputation of the business by demonstrating a commitment to employee well-being.
- Reducing Environmental Impact: Well-maintained equipment is more energy-efficient, resulting in lower emissions and reduced environmental impact. This not only contributes to a cleaner environment but also helps businesses save on energy costs.
- Maintaining Compliance: Regular maintenance is crucial for maintaining compliance with industry regulations and standards. By ensuring that equipment is operating within specified parameters, businesses can avoid costly fines and penalties while also demonstrating a commitment to responsible operations.
Best Practices for Equipment Maintenance
Developing a Comprehensive Maintenance Plan
A comprehensive maintenance plan is crucial for maximizing equipment efficiency and minimizing downtime. The plan should cover regular inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and repairs. Here are some steps to consider when developing a comprehensive maintenance plan:
- Conduct a Thorough Equipment Inspection
The first step in developing a comprehensive maintenance plan is to conduct a thorough equipment inspection. This inspection should be carried out by a qualified technician who can identify any potential issues that could lead to downtime or reduce equipment efficiency. The inspection should cover all critical components of the equipment, including the engine, transmission, hydraulic system, electrical system, and brakes. - Develop a Schedule for Regular Maintenance
Once the equipment has been inspected, the next step is to develop a schedule for regular maintenance. This schedule should be based on the manufacturer’s recommendations and should take into account the hours of operation, usage patterns, and environmental factors that could affect the equipment’s performance. Regular maintenance should include tasks such as oil changes, filter replacements, and cleaning of critical components. - Establish a Preventive Maintenance Program
A preventive maintenance program is essential for minimizing downtime and maximizing equipment efficiency. This program should include routine inspections, lubrication, and cleaning of critical components. Preventive maintenance should also include repairs or replacements of components that are likely to fail in the near future. A preventive maintenance program can help to identify potential issues before they become serious problems, reducing downtime and extending the life of the equipment. - Implement a Condition-Based Maintenance Program
A condition-based maintenance program is a proactive approach to maintenance that is based on the actual condition of the equipment. This program uses sensors and other monitoring devices to collect data on the equipment’s performance. The data is analyzed to identify any potential issues that could lead to downtime or reduce equipment efficiency. Condition-based maintenance can help to reduce downtime and extend the life of the equipment by identifying potential issues before they become serious problems. - Train Operators and Technicians
To ensure that the maintenance plan is effective, it is essential to train operators and technicians on the proper maintenance procedures. This training should cover the manufacturer’s recommendations for regular maintenance, preventive maintenance, and condition-based maintenance. Operators and technicians should also be trained on how to use monitoring devices and sensors to collect data on the equipment’s performance.
In conclusion, developing a comprehensive maintenance plan is crucial for maximizing equipment efficiency and minimizing downtime. The plan should cover regular inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and repairs. Conducting a thorough equipment inspection, developing a schedule for regular maintenance, establishing a preventive maintenance program, implementing a condition-based maintenance program, and training operators and technicians are some of the steps to consider when developing a comprehensive maintenance plan. By following these best practices, you can ensure that your equipment is operating at maximum efficiency and minimize downtime.
Scheduled and Preventive Maintenance
- The cornerstone of any effective equipment maintenance strategy is scheduled and preventive maintenance.
- Scheduled maintenance involves regularly scheduled inspections and repairs of equipment, while preventive maintenance refers to the proactive measures taken to prevent equipment failure and downtime.
- Scheduled and preventive maintenance help to extend the life of equipment, reduce downtime, and minimize repair costs.
- It is essential to have a comprehensive schedule that includes regular inspections, cleaning, lubrication, and replacement of worn parts.
- Preventive maintenance includes tasks such as replacing filters, cleaning sensors, and checking fluid levels.
- This type of maintenance also involves analyzing data from equipment sensors to identify potential issues before they become major problems.
- A proactive approach to maintenance helps to avoid costly breakdowns and unplanned downtime, which can be detrimental to the bottom line of a business.
- Additionally, regular maintenance can also improve the overall efficiency of equipment, resulting in increased productivity and reduced operating costs.
- To ensure that equipment is always in peak condition, it is essential to have a team of experienced technicians who can perform maintenance tasks efficiently and effectively.
- Furthermore, having a centralized maintenance management system that tracks and schedules maintenance activities can help to ensure that all equipment is maintained according to the established schedule.
- Overall, scheduled and preventive maintenance are critical components of any equipment maintenance strategy, helping to ensure that equipment is always in good working order and minimizing downtime.
Condition-Based Monitoring and Diagnostics
Condition-based monitoring and diagnostics (CBM&D) is a proactive maintenance approach that utilizes real-time data to monitor the health and performance of equipment. This method is designed to detect potential issues before they lead to significant downtime or equipment failure. CBM&D enables organizations to schedule maintenance activities when needed, reducing unplanned downtime and maximizing equipment uptime.
Here are some key aspects of CBM&D:
- Data Collection: The first step in CBM&D is to collect data from various sources, such as sensors, meters, and other monitoring devices. This data can include parameters like temperature, pressure, vibration, and flow rate. Modern equipment often comes equipped with built-in sensors that can provide valuable data for maintenance purposes.
- Anomaly Detection: Once the data is collected, advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques are used to analyze the data and detect any anomalies or deviations from normal patterns. These anomalies can indicate potential issues or imminent failures, allowing maintenance teams to take proactive measures.
- Predictive Maintenance: Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that uses the insights gained from CBM&D to anticipate equipment failures and schedule maintenance activities accordingly. This enables organizations to optimize maintenance schedules, reduce downtime, and extend the lifespan of equipment.
- Fault Diagnosis: In addition to predicting equipment failures, CBM&D can also be used to diagnose faults in real-time. By analyzing the data collected from various sensors, maintenance teams can identify the root cause of a fault and take appropriate action to resolve the issue.
- Real-Time Monitoring: CBM&D provides real-time monitoring of equipment performance, enabling maintenance teams to quickly respond to any abnormalities or deviations from normal patterns. This helps to minimize downtime and ensure that equipment is always operating at peak efficiency.
By implementing condition-based monitoring and diagnostics, organizations can optimize their equipment maintenance strategies, minimize downtime, and maximize efficiency. This approach can be particularly beneficial for mission-critical equipment or high-value assets where downtime can result in significant financial losses.
Regular Upgrades and Replacements
Maintaining equipment is crucial for ensuring optimal performance and minimizing downtime. One of the best practices for equipment maintenance is regular upgrades and replacements. This involves regularly updating or replacing parts of the equipment to keep it functioning at its best. Here are some reasons why regular upgrades and replacements are important:
Improved Efficiency
Regular upgrades and replacements can improve the efficiency of equipment. Newer models often come with improved features and technologies that can increase productivity and reduce energy consumption. For example, upgrading to a more energy-efficient motor can help reduce electricity costs and lower the carbon footprint of the equipment.
Extended Lifespan
Regular upgrades and replacements can also extend the lifespan of equipment. By regularly updating or replacing worn-out parts, businesses can prevent equipment from breaking down or malfunctioning unexpectedly. This can save money in the long run by reducing the need for costly repairs or replacements.
Compliance with Regulations
Upgrades and replacements can also help businesses comply with regulations. For example, if a business is required to meet certain environmental standards, upgrading to a more environmentally-friendly model or technology can help them comply with the regulations.
Competitive Advantage
Finally, regular upgrades and replacements can give businesses a competitive advantage. By keeping their equipment up-to-date with the latest technologies and features, businesses can improve their efficiency and productivity, which can help them stay ahead of their competitors.
In conclusion, regular upgrades and replacements are an important best practice for equipment maintenance. By improving efficiency, extending lifespan, complying with regulations, and providing a competitive advantage, regular upgrades and replacements can help businesses optimize their equipment performance and minimize downtime.
Equipment Maintenance and Its Impact on Business Operations
Strategic Planning and Allocation of Resources
Maintaining equipment is a critical aspect of any business operation. Not only does it help to ensure that the equipment is functioning properly, but it also helps to maximize efficiency and minimize downtime. Strategic planning and allocation of resources are crucial in achieving this goal.
Strategic planning involves assessing the current state of the equipment and identifying potential problems that may arise in the future. This can include identifying the age of the equipment, the frequency of use, and the environmental conditions in which the equipment is used. By assessing the current state of the equipment, businesses can prioritize maintenance tasks and allocate resources accordingly.
Allocating resources is also critical in ensuring that equipment maintenance is done effectively. This can include allocating funds for equipment upgrades, hiring maintenance personnel, and training employees on proper maintenance procedures. By allocating resources strategically, businesses can ensure that they are getting the most out of their equipment and minimizing downtime.
Furthermore, it is important to ensure that maintenance personnel have the necessary tools and equipment to perform their tasks effectively. This can include investing in diagnostic tools, repair manuals, and spare parts. By providing maintenance personnel with the necessary resources, businesses can ensure that maintenance tasks are completed efficiently and effectively.
In summary, strategic planning and allocation of resources are crucial in achieving the aim of equipment maintenance, which is to maximize efficiency and minimize downtime. By assessing the current state of the equipment, prioritizing maintenance tasks, and allocating resources strategically, businesses can ensure that their equipment is functioning properly and minimizing downtime.
Integration with Industry Standards and Regulations
In the realm of equipment maintenance, it is essential to understand the role of industry standards and regulations. These guidelines play a crucial part in ensuring that equipment maintenance practices align with the specific requirements of the industry. By adhering to these standards, businesses can avoid potential legal and financial consequences while also maintaining a competitive edge.
In this section, we will delve into the significance of integrating equipment maintenance with industry standards and regulations, and how this integration impacts business operations.
- Industry-specific Standards: Each industry has its own set of standards that equipment maintenance must comply with. For instance, the food and beverage industry has strict regulations regarding sanitation and hygiene, while the oil and gas industry has guidelines for safety and environmental protection. Compliance with these standards helps businesses avoid costly penalties and ensures the safety of employees, customers, and the environment.
- Regulatory Bodies and Certifications: Various regulatory bodies oversee and enforce industry standards. These bodies often provide certifications for businesses that meet the required standards. Obtaining these certifications demonstrates a commitment to maintaining high-quality equipment and can improve a company’s reputation in the industry. Certifications may also provide access to new markets or contracts, further benefiting the business.
- Continuous Improvement: Integrating equipment maintenance with industry standards and regulations encourages continuous improvement. By regularly assessing equipment maintenance practices against industry standards, businesses can identify areas for improvement and implement changes to enhance efficiency and effectiveness. This ongoing process of evaluation and improvement ensures that the company stays competitive and adapts to evolving industry requirements.
- Employee Training and Development: Compliance with industry standards often requires specialized knowledge and skills. Therefore, it is crucial to invest in employee training and development to ensure that maintenance personnel are well-versed in the specific requirements of the industry. This investment not only improves the quality of equipment maintenance but also fosters a culture of continuous learning and improvement within the organization.
By integrating equipment maintenance with industry standards and regulations, businesses can optimize their operations, reduce downtime, and ensure the safety of their employees and the environment.
Adapting to Technological Advancements and Industry 4.0
In today’s rapidly evolving business landscape, technology plays a critical role in driving efficiency and productivity. The integration of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT), has revolutionized the way companies manage their equipment maintenance. As a result, businesses must adapt to these technological advancements to remain competitive and achieve their goals.
The Importance of IoT in Equipment Maintenance
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a game-changer in the field of equipment maintenance. IoT devices enable real-time monitoring of equipment performance, providing valuable insights into the health and efficiency of machinery. By integrating IoT sensors into equipment, businesses can collect data on various parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and vibration. This data can be analyzed to identify potential issues before they lead to downtime, allowing for proactive maintenance and reducing the risk of unplanned outages.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly being utilized to optimize equipment maintenance processes. AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to identify patterns and trends, enabling predictive maintenance. By analyzing historical data from IoT sensors, AI models can forecast when maintenance is likely to be required, allowing businesses to schedule maintenance activities more efficiently.
ML algorithms can also be used to optimize maintenance schedules and resource allocation. By learning from past data, ML models can recommend the most effective maintenance strategies based on factors such as equipment usage, environmental conditions, and maintenance history. This helps businesses optimize their maintenance efforts, reducing costs and minimizing downtime.
Embracing Industry 4.0 for Competitive Advantage
As Industry 4.0 continues to reshape the manufacturing landscape, companies must adapt to new technologies and digital solutions to remain competitive. By embracing Industry 4.0 technologies, such as IoT, AI, and ML, businesses can streamline their equipment maintenance processes, increase efficiency, and reduce downtime. This not only improves overall equipment effectiveness but also enhances the company’s bottom line by minimizing maintenance costs and maximizing productivity.
In conclusion, adapting to technological advancements and Industry 4.0 is crucial for businesses that aim to optimize their equipment maintenance practices. By leveraging IoT, AI, and ML, companies can gain valuable insights into their equipment’s performance, identify potential issues before they lead to downtime, and optimize their maintenance strategies for maximum efficiency and minimum downtime.
FAQs
1. What is equipment maintenance?
Equipment maintenance refers to the practices and processes used to keep equipment in good working condition. This can include routine inspections, repairs, and replacements of parts and components. The goal of equipment maintenance is to ensure that equipment operates efficiently and effectively, and to minimize downtime.
2. Why is equipment maintenance important?
Equipment maintenance is important because it helps to prevent equipment breakdowns and failures, which can result in costly downtime and lost productivity. Regular maintenance also helps to extend the lifespan of equipment, reducing the need for costly replacements or upgrades. Additionally, regular maintenance can help to identify potential problems before they become serious, allowing for proactive repairs and minimizing downtime.
3. What are the different types of equipment maintenance?
There are several different types of equipment maintenance, including preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance involves regular inspections and repairs to prevent equipment failures, while predictive maintenance uses data and analytics to predict when equipment is likely to fail and schedule repairs accordingly. Corrective maintenance is reactive and is performed when equipment has already failed.
4. How often should equipment be maintained?
The frequency of equipment maintenance will depend on several factors, including the type of equipment, its age, and the environment in which it is used. In general, it is recommended to perform routine maintenance at regular intervals, such as every six months or annually. However, some equipment may require more frequent inspections and repairs, especially if it is used in harsh or demanding environments.
5. Who should perform equipment maintenance?
Equipment maintenance can be performed by in-house maintenance teams or by third-party maintenance providers. Some companies may choose to outsource their maintenance needs to specialized firms, while others may have dedicated maintenance staff on hand. The choice will depend on factors such as the size of the company, the type of equipment being used, and the availability of in-house resources.
